Spain has initiated proceedings to withdraw from the Energy Charter Treaty, signed by 53 countries and in force since 1998, designed to protect foreign investment in energy infrastructure.
South Korea has spent nearly 68.5 billion won ($48.1 million) in total to fight and settle investor-state dispute settlements since 2013,#including its battle with US-based private equity firm Lone Star, data showed.
On September 30, 2022, Russian President Vladimir Putin purported to annex four Ukrainian provinces: Luhansk, Donetsk, Kherson, and Zaporizhzhia. This escalation is likely to trigger investment treaty claims against Russia.
The impacts that TPP-11 will have then must be analyzed in an integral way, not by chapters. For years now, from various academic and social sectors, we have been explaining that agreements such as the TPP-11 are negative in their entirety.
The recent experience of the countries that have already ratified the TPP-11 and begun to operate, has demonstrated the character of this treaty and its pro-business tribunals, which is nothing more than an insurance for large corporations on their profits and markets.